Dental Caps

Description

When a young horse's permanent teeth erupt and deciduous teeth are not shed, discomfort, chewing problems, anorexia, infection, and abnormal wear patterns develop that can lead to long-term problems for the horse. Deciduous teeth, or root slivers, can get stuck in the gums, causing infection and damage to the permanent teeth trying to grow into place.

During the first five years of life, the horse's mouth is a busy place. Up to forty-four teeth erupt, including twelve incisors, four canine teeth, fourteen premolars, and twelve molars.

By one year of age, all the incisors are in. The deciduous incisors are much smaller than the permanent incisors that take their place. A young horse is born with twelve deciduous premolar cheek teeth. When permanent teeth emerge, they push the deciduous teeth out of the way, disrupting the blood supply and causing them to shed.

If the deciduous teeth do not shed, they remain attached to the permanent tooth. Called "caps," they cause the permanent teeth to become impacted and grow in crooked, creating bite problems and discomfort for the horse.

Symptoms

• Difficulty in chewing
• Signs of pain during training with a bit
• Painful swelling on the upper bridge of the nose
• Hard bumps on the lower jaw bone
• Dislocated permanent teeth
• Sharp enamel points on the deciduous tooth

Causes

Failure of the permanent teeth to push the deciduous teeth out of the way creates a problem with the deciduous teeth being retained. Unless these retained deciduous teeth, known as caps, are removed, they create eating, health, behavioral, and physical problems for the horse.

Prevention

The timely shedding of the deciduous teeth is very important to the health of the horse. Careful, regular inspection of the young horse's mouth and teeth to make sure deciduous teeth are shedding and permanent teeth are coming in properly is the best prevention for the problems that come from caps in the horse's mouth.

A cap has a flat, level surface and is very different from a permanent tooth, so they are easy to identify. Most caps come off on their own, but some have long root spicules and when the root spicule is not removed, it sticks the horse in the gums, causing more discomfort and difficulty in eating.

Failure to remove retained caps can result in malocclusions that will need to be corrected later, with far more extensive treatment than would be necessary if the caps are removed in a timely manner.

Treatment

By knowing when the deciduous teeth should be shed, the horse owner or handler can determine when the services of a dental veterinarian are needed. It is very important to have a horse's teeth checked at least yearly during the formative years. If a horse develops problems with retained caps, checking its teeth two or three times a year may be necessary.

A veterinarian can extract the deciduous premolar or incisor teeth once the boundary between the deciduous and permanent tooth is visible. Retained caps in horses up to five years of age need to be removed because they will interfere with normal development and placement of permanent teeth and can cause significant oral pain when eating feed or during training with a bit.

Horses going into training for the first time, especially two and three year olds, need a comprehensive dental check-up. Deciduous teeth are softer than permanent teeth and may develop sharp points that need to be floated (shaved or filed down). The services of a good dental veterinarian can save the horse many problems with eating, training, and general physical discomfort.